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chezhead
Aug 13, 2013

screech
Hello. I came here from /lit/ and translated 3.7. This book is interesting to me and as an wannabe sinologist I think I'll keep translating chapters as a means of deeply reading the text. I'll try to consolidate my and Kangxi's translation into a google doc. I also really appreciate Kangxi's commentary on the text and see it as just as valuable as the translation. Maybe we can work together and with others to make a comprehensive translation and commentary over the next months and years.

I'm using the pdf and OCR'd markdown file in this github repo to translate this. The markdown file has some OCR errors but I'm mainly using that combined with the pdf.

quote:

3.7 Sexual Liberation

In the eyes of eastern people, the sexual liberation of the west is both tempting and inconceivable. Most eastern people have heard about western people’s free, casual, and widespread sexuality. In fact, this issue is not easy for someone who just entered the US to understand since it’s hard to enter American life. Visitors can see X-rated movies and prostitutes on the streets of New York, or nudity and sex on TV. Bookstores and grocery stores display pornographic magazines like Playboy, Playgirl, and Penthouse. But this is only commercial sexual liberation. It’s not as easy to understand what a real, average American thinks about sex. What I analyzed was more theoretical than practical, because I did not go deep into the thoughts and lives of ordinary Americans. I remember reading a very factual description of sexual liberation in the book The Glory and the Dream.

One thing is for certain -- Today’s Westerners and Americans have different views on sex, even before the two World Wars. Western traditional concepts and ethics also emphasize women’s chastity and self-respect, and that women should have a strict code of conduct. The old European culture paid attention to this point, but today is totally different. The classical viewpoint changed so that sex cannot be defined as physical pleasure or as a symbol of deep integration between people (Elizabeth Janeway), because if we do this sexual activity is bound by social, religious, and moral values. The religious life in the European middle ages suppressed sexual desire and advocated that people should suppress their devotion to God. The Decameron depicts this kind of pleasure on people’s inner pursuits. European religious spirit fundamentally believes that sexual activities belong to the body but not the uplifting of the soul. Believing in God means we ought to uplift the soul and restrain human instinct. The traditional restriction of human desire in Western society comes from these deep-rooted ideals. After the Second World War, these ideas were never the same. Americans call this old concept of sex “Victorian attitudes towards sex.” The core of this standard is that sex should be limited to marriage, prostitution is a crime, pornography is moral degregation, and homosexuality is evil. Today these ideas have changed. Naturally all these ideas are not gone, because there are still people that want to keep this traditional concept.

In order to prove the change of concept, we can look at some data. According to the Ministry of Commerce, 15% of men and women live together outside of marriage and 600,000 children were born outside of marriage in 1980. There were about two million prostitutes in the 1980s, 600,000 of whom were girls 18 or younger. The porn industry made about $4 billion a year in the early 1980s. Homosexuality is also gaining greater and greater status in society. In some places, homosexuality is legal and homosexual couples can be formally married and live together. Homosexual often hold parades and fight for their legal rights. TV and movies are the best examples of this change, showing them under the covers. Naturally some of the best movies don’t feature this, such as Oscar-winning movies.

To understand this change, let’s take a look at Brone Leone and M. Teresa O’Neil’s Sexual Values: Opposing Viewpoints, which introduces different views on the changes in sexual concepts.

  • Is sex outside of marriage acceptable? Some people think that the primary function of seuxal life is to provide happiness, so the primary issue is not if someone is married or not, but if there is happiness. Another viewpoint is that a sex life must have love, and that love has a specified object while sex does not have a specified object, so the two cannot be equated. Others think about it from a scientific point of view, thinking that a sex life is a kind of relaxation, self-advancement, an experience, finding a partner for marriage, reducing jealousy, saving time, ending sexual discrimination, not supporting prostitution, etc. The other viewpoint is that a sex life requires adapting to each other, where personal communication is the key to a good sex life and guilt would be an obstacle. There are also different viewpoints on the government’s influence on sex. Some people think government influence infringes on personal life while others think that government management encourages healthy family development.

  • There is also a debate about the sex education of minors in the US. Some people think that sex education leads to sexual activities because children do not understand it. When clearly spoken about, everyone wants to try it which leads to teenage pregnancy. Another viewpoint is that sex education improves responsibility in sexual conduct. 10% of young women 15-19 years old are pregnant every year, so sex education should be taught. In fact, in such an environment of sexual liberation, this is a forced choice for teenagers. The third opinion is that parents have the right to vote to decide what kind of sex education their children receive.

  • Is homosexuality acceptable? Homosexuality being harmful to society is a conservative viewpoint. This viewpoint sees homosexuality as leading ot the decline of male principles. Female homosexuality may be harmless, but male homosexuality is harmful because there would be no family. A contrasting idea is that homosexuality has benefits for society, is not a disease, and brings people together. Some people suggest that homosexuality should be kept behind closed doors and not made public, while others advocate that homosexuals have the human right to live in public and be allowed to live in broad daylight.

  • Is pornography harmful? In 1968, President Nixon organized a special committee to investigate this issue. The committee’s eight members investigated pornographic magazines and films. Their report said pornography is harmless. They believed that this media can increase mutual understanding among adults, and that public opinion believes it is unacceptable to legislate against pornographic magazines. The majority of the committee came to this conclusion. The minority believed that ponographic publications are harmful to society, public morals, human value, family values, and culture, and that the pornography industry is opposed to human nature. These two groups sharply disagreed. One side was in favor of banning pornography as it leads to seuxal violence, depravity among youth, family breakdown, and other issues. The other believed that pornography can mentally comfort people and accords with a free society. Whether the pornography industry promotes violence was different between these two groups.

  • Is prostitution a crime? Chinese people generally understand that this is a controversial issue among Americans. Some think that prostitution is a crime, while others disagree.
    These arguments are all related to sexual liberation. In the past, these problems were self-evident, but today this is not so clear. American culture is now a culture of tolerance and can exist in many ways. This is the strength and weakness of American culture -- I’m afraid that in America, the best and worst things exist together.

Sexual liberation has influenced the young generation's conception of sexuality. Most parents who have grown up now were in the high tide of the sexual liberations of the 1960s. People were generally open to sexual liberation. It’s normal for high school students to have a girlfriend or boyfriend. This is especially true for those outside of high school. Young people frequently think about things from a perspective of pleasure rather than starting a family. Parents are also used to these things and often guide their children how to lead a health sex life in order to prevent teenage pregnancy. One professor told me that her children didn’t need her guidance -- once she started speaking, they told her they already knew this three years ago. Sexual relations between college students is also more common, and is seen by Eastern people as too casual and difficult to accept. What is “Sexual liberation?” Take a look at the Feburary 1976 “A New Bill of Sexual Rights and Responsibilities.” According to this charter:

Physical pleasure has worth as a moral value. Traditional religious and social views have often condemned pleasures of the body as “sinful” or “wicked.” These attitudes are inhumane. They are destructive of human relationships. The findings of the behavioral sciences demonstrate that deprivation of physical pleasure, particularly during the formative periods of development, often results in family breakdown, child abuse, adolescent runaways, crime, violence, alcoholism, and other forms of dehumanizing behavior. We assert that physical pleasure within the context of meaningful human relationships is essential–both as a moral value and for its contribution to wholesome social relationships.

This is the essence of sexual liberation: From the fear of physical happiness to the pursuit of physical happiness.

The sexual liberation of Americans is probably at its peak, there is nothing left for future generations to discover. Pornographic magazines have exposed everything about men and women. Constant exploration becomes anatomy. Pornographic magazines often use large color photos to render the human body, including the details of genitals. In many states, these magazines are sold to the public. Pornographic movies are full of sex. In this environment, all kinds of debates will naturally be fierce and the biggest problem is the younger generation. In order to cope in this era of the pursuit of bodily desires schools have set up courses about these areas. There are countless childrens and parent’s manuals. These are available in every library. All young students take these classes. Such books will generally show young men and women’s physiological structure, puberty changes, and contraception in clear detail. This education is widespread.

Although we talk about sexual liberation, many people still have their own views on the issue of sex. A friend told me that Americans are not as casual about sexuality as is shown in movies. At least he was very serious about the topic. From politics to everyday life, having extramarital sex is a scandal. Gary Hart, who wanted to run for president in 1988, had to quit because of such stories. In areas such as schools, this can become a problem. Republic vice presidential candidate Dan Quayle also had problems with this, but luckily nothing happened. Therefore, the moral norms of maintaining a basic social order have not been entirely broken and are still working.

The question is why there was sexual liberation after the 1960s, but not before? Is there any logical connection between this and the development of material production? There should be. Freud said that the development of civilized life means suppressing human instinct. Marcuse called it “basic repression.” However, after the full development of material life, when people don’t need to exert so much energy to deal with nature and maintain physical existence, people’s instincts will be unrestrained. The development in the level of social material leads to a revolution of moral concept. In this process, the more important topic is to put forward a new topic of managing society: From managing material production to managing human behavior. This is probably a problem that any society will encounter when its materialism reaches a certain level.

Marcuse regarded sexual liberation as a method of modern people’s liberation from the oppression of large capitalist machines and gave it political meaning. But so far, the political implications have been less obvious. We can confirm that the social significance of sexual liberation does not lie in more physical happiness for an individual, but in changing people’s concepts, which is an important factor in managing society.

Sexual liberation has created new problems. When sexual activities are strictly restricted, conflicts and contradictions caused by sexual repression often become an important aspect of family and societal management. Sexual liberation has eliminated the basis of these contradictions, and families have laid down many burdens. One burden has been exchanged for another. For social management, maintaining the old order and concepts is tricky -- the longer you try, the harder it is. Maintaining a new order and new ideas is also naturally a tricky task -- the shorter the time the more difficult it is. There seems to be a contradiction between the two, which is hard for people to choose. The problems of american society are also here. Sexual liberation is a model example. The new problems it raises have emerged now and will be more obvious in the future.

Next I plan to translate 11.7 given the recent BLM protests.

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chezhead
Aug 13, 2013

screech
In light of the BLM movement, I have translated 11.7: The Black Challenge. There were some hard parts to translate correctly to English, so let me know if something is translated incorrectly or doesn't make sense.

quote:

When talking about the “Black Challenge” or “Black Storm”, I am referring to black people problems. The social and political problems caused by black people have become a headache and are a serious challenge to society. Some people consider the black problem as the largest societal problem, and say that it will become a fatal problem. In the US, it can be deeply felt that there is some truth to this statement.

The Martin Luther King Center is located in Atlanta. I went to visit this center. Compared to the Carter Center, the MLK Center is small and shabby, likely because of its early establishment. Martin Luther King is a famous black civil rights leader. In the 1960s, black people’s problems and racial discrimination against them were still very serious. At that time, there were schools only for white people, vehicles that only whites could ride in, hotels only for white people, areas with only white people, and black people had no status or money. In that era, in order to break this kind of apartheid, there were large riots and violent actions, and the federal government had to send out troops to protect black students and white schools. Even though the court ruled that racial segregation is unconstitutional, it still persists in real life. It has been 20 years since then, and although black people’s living conditions have improved, their problems have grown more and more serious.

A Chinese student at Emory University told me that “In the south, black liberation after the civil war, the status of black people in society is still very low.” The cause of the civil war was the abolition or preservation of slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabin depicts the status of black people in society at this time. One of President Lincoln’s achievements was to liberate black slaves. More than 100 years later, black people still aren’t slaves, but they do not have the same social status that white people enjoy.

He said there was a county near Atlanta where racial discrimination was especially serious -- the county is still opposed to black people living there. Any black person that lives there will be squeezed out. Anti-racist groups have repeatedly supported brave black residents and have been beaten. Last year, a anti-racist group organized a march in the county against this attitude, only to be beaten up by the residents. Later a newspaper reported this story, which aroused the anger of people all around the country, and people from all corners of the US to support the organization and participate in the parade which made the police station very nervous. People in this county saw these people opposing them, but did not dare to fight as they were outnumbered. But in the end, the anti-racist groups just marched around and didn’t get any long-lasting results. To this day, the county still discriminates against black people. Today, most places don’t have a clear policy of discrimination against black people. It’s actually the opposite -- Government agencies must hire black people. Some white people think this is reverse discrimination, because sometimes white people are more qualified for a job, but because of these rules requiring the hiring of black people, white people are in an unfair competitive position.

However, it’s only a surface phenomenon. In the minds of many white people, they really hate black people. For example in some white residential areas, if black people move in, many white people will move out. When black people live somewhere, housing prices will fall because white people don’t want to live there. The result of this is that white and black people live in different areas. Every big city has black areas, which are usually dirty, messy, and have fallen behind other areas. Some black people with millions of dollars can’t make it into the white upper class. On the surface, America is very beautiful and there isn’t racial discrimination, but in reality it is a deeply-rooted problem.

Black people have a lower social status, lower level of education, and worse economic situation. On the street, people will meet many poor people who want money, most of them black. Cities like Washington DC have an astonishing amount, which is not in harmony with such a bustling city. In city squares, you can see a lot of entertainers, mostly black. You can see a line stretching from employment and relief offices, most of them black. Most of the homeless on the street are black, and most of the most people with shabby and torn clothes are black. Of course, white people also have these kinds of people, but the number is comparatively small. Tourists seeing this would be frightened.

The black community is a reflection of the black struggle. I’ve been to black neighborhoods in San Francisco, New York, New Haven, Philadelphia, Washington DC, and Atlanta, and it left a terrible impression. It’s generally worse than the areas where white people live, and you can see at a glance it is a poor area. In front of many houses, there are some idle black people. Young people stand in small groups around the street, causing one’s heart to race. New York’s black neighborhoods are particularly bad, with a high crime rate. A friend told me that an American took him to visit a black area in New York. Halfway there, a police car stopped him. They thought they had broken traffic rules, but the police asked them if they knew what was ahead, and they said they knew. The policeman told them to be careful. The two of them only dared to drive through the ghetto quickly and didn’t dare to leave the car. He said if the car broke down, he would not know what he would have done.

The living conditions of black people are very poor, and many take the road of crime after they have no way out. The crime situation in America can be ranked among the top in the world, especially among black people. I have heard a lot of stories about black people robbing Chinese people. A friend once said he went with a colleague to a restaurant and happened across two black people on the stairs with knives, asking for money. A Chinese student told me crime was rampant on 42nd street in New York City, which was the same street as the Chinese Consulate, and that thieves specifically targeted Chinese people to steal their money. The New York police department had to station mounted police in front of the consulate. The general police were not enough (I didn’t see any cavalry police in front of the consulate in New York. This is all in broad daylight.

Prominent black people constantly frequently emerge, and have become idols of social worship: Track and field athletes, personalities, basketball players, softball players,boxers, and football players. But the overall status of black people has not changed.

The problems of black people have become a cycle which is hard to solve. The overall culture of black people is low, economic status is poor, and there is no control over fertility. The welfare system stipulates that children can receive government relief. Black people have a higher fertility rate than white people. Black children do not get a good living environment and education. Because the previous education never received a good education, they do not receive a sense of worth, and children naturally do not get education and nurturing. Growing up in the environment of a black area unconsciously influences character and causes psychological imbalance. Generations of black people have grown up without good skills and education, so they can’t hold positions with high technical requirements.

Many children have no parents or only one parent, often just a mother. Many children’s mothers are “child mothers,” who are pregnant at 14 or 15 and have children. How can such children get good education? This situation is not uncommon in black society. When they grow up, they can only get a lower-level job and not achieve a high level of compensation. A small number of people escape this through struggle, but it is difficult to be accepted by white society. This has been passed down for generations, making the snowball of black problems get larger and larger.

The challenges of black people are threatening society and institutions. So far, the system is weak and powerless to this problem. Because of the inaction of this system, anti-black thinking is rising and the neoconservative idea of “reverse discrimination” is taking on this meaning. Racial segregation has already become history, but challenges for black people continue to grow. The era of the Ku Klux Klan’s rampage has passed, but it is not gone yet. If society cannot find how to fundamentally improve the situation of black people, the final outcome is likely to be more violent anti-black actions. This is the humanity’s weakness - when a problem cannot be solved, the easiest choice is to strongly oppose it.

Almost every society has similar problems and has people regarded as inferior. But there may be different reasons for these kinds of problems, such as arising from cultural differences, historical origins, customs, and institutions. In the case of the United States, the main reason lies within the system, so the black problem is a challenge to the social system.

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